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Batteries are a kind of energy conversion and storage devices that convert chemical or physical energy into electrical energy through reactions. According to the different energy conversion of the battery, the battery can be divided into a chemical battery and a biological battery. A chemical battery or chemical power source is a device that converts chemical energy into electrical energy. It comprises two electrochemically active electrodes with different components, respectively, composed of positive and negative electrodes. A chemical substance that can provide media conduction is used as an electrolyte. When connected to an external carrier, it delivers electrical energy by converting its internal chemical energy. A physical battery is a device that converts physical energy into electrical energy.

Den Haaptunterschied ass datt d'aktiv Material anescht ass. Dat aktive Material vun der sekundärer Batterie ass reversibel, während dat aktive Material vun der primärer Batterie net ass. D'Selbstléisung vun der primärer Batterie ass vill méi kleng wéi déi vun der sekundärer Batterie. Trotzdem ass déi intern Resistenz vill méi grouss wéi déi vun der sekundärer Batterie, sou datt d'Laaskapazitéit manner ass. Zousätzlech sinn d'massspezifesch Kapazitéit a Volumenspezifesch Kapazitéit vun der primärer Batterie méi bedeitend wéi déi vun verfügbaren nofëllbaren Batterien.

Ni-MH batteries use Ni oxide as the positive electrode, hydrogen storage metal as the negative electrode, and lye (mainly KOH) as the electrolyte. When the nickel-hydrogen battery is charged: Positive electrode reaction: Ni(OH)2 + OH- → NiOOH + H2O–e- Adverse electrode reaction: M+H2O +e-→ MH+ OH- When the Ni-MH battery is discharged: Positive electrode reaction: NiOOH + H2O + e- → Ni(OH)2 + OH- Negative electrode reaction: MH+ OH- →M+H2O +e-

The main component of the positive electrode of the lithium-ion battery is LiCoO2, and the negative electrode is mainly C. When charging, Positive electrode reaction: LiCoO2 → Li1-xCoO2 + xLi+ + xe- Negative reaction: C + xLi+ + xe- → CLix Total battery reaction: LiCoO2 + C → Li1-xCoO2 + CLix The reverse reaction of the above reaction occurs during discharge.

Commonly used IEC standards for batteries: The standard for nickel-metal hydride batteries is IEC61951-2: 2003; the lithium-ion battery industry generally follows UL or national standards. Commonly used national standards for batteries: The standards for nickel-metal hydride batteries are GB/T15100_1994, GB/T18288_2000; the standards for lithium batteries are GB/T10077_1998, YD/T998_1999, and GB/T18287_2000. In addition, the commonly used standards for batteries also include the Japanese Industrial Standard JIS C on batteries. IEC, the International Electrical Commission (International Electrical Commission), is a worldwide standardization organization composed of electrical committees of various countries. Its purpose is to promote the standardization of the world's electrical and electronic fields. IEC standards are standards formulated by the International Electrotechnical Commission.

D'Haaptkomponente vun Nickel-Metallhydrid-Batterien sinn positiv Elektrodenplack (Néckeloxid), negativ Elektrodenplack (Waasserstofflagerlegierung), Elektrolyt (haaptsächlech KOH), Membranpapier, Dichtungsring, Positiv Elektrodenkapp, Batteriefall, asw.

D'Haaptkomponente vu Lithium-Ion-Batterien sinn iewescht an ënnescht Batteriedeckel, positiv Elektrodenplack (aktivt Material ass Lithium-Kobaltoxid), Separator (eng speziell Komposit-Membran), eng negativ Elektrode (aktivt Material ass Kuelestoff), organesch Elektrolyt, Batteriefall (opgedeelt an zwou Aarte vu Stahlschuel an Aluminiumschuel) a sou weider.

Et bezitt sech op d'Resistenz erliewt vum Stroum, deen duerch d'Batterie fléisst wann d'Batterie funktionnéiert. Et besteet aus ohmesch intern Resistenz a Polariséierung intern Resistenz. Déi bedeitend intern Resistenz vun der Batterie wäert d'Batterie-Entladungsspannung reduzéieren an d'Entladungszäit verkierzen. Déi intern Resistenz gëtt haaptsächlech vum Batteriematerial, Fabrikatiounsprozess, Batteriestruktur an aner Faktoren beaflosst. Et ass e wichtege Parameter fir d'Batterieleistung ze moossen. Notiz: Allgemeng ass déi intern Resistenz am geluedenen Zoustand de Standard. Fir d'intern Resistenz vun der Batterie ze berechnen, sollt et e speziellen internen Resistenzmeter benotzen anstatt e Multimeter am Ohmberäich.

Déi nominell Spannung vun der Batterie bezitt sech op d'Spannung, déi während der regulärer Operatioun ausgestallt gëtt. D'Nominell Spannung vun der sekundärer Nickel-Cadmium Nickel-Waasserstoff Batterie ass 1.2V; déi nominell Spannung vun der sekundärer Lithium Batterie ass 3.6V.

Open Circuit Volt bezitt sech op de potenziellen Ënnerscheed tëscht de positiven an negativen Elektroden vun der Batterie wann d'Batterie net funktionnéiert, dat heescht wann et kee Stroum duerch de Circuit fléisst. Aarbechtsspannung, och bekannt als Terminalspannung, bezitt sech op de potenziellen Ënnerscheed tëscht de positiven an negativen Pole vun der Batterie wann d'Batterie funktionnéiert, dat heescht wann et Iwwerstroum am Circuit ass.

D'Kapazitéit vun der Batterie ass opgedeelt an d'bewäertte Kraaft an déi aktuell Fäegkeet. D'bewäertte Kapazitéit vun der Batterie bezitt sech op d'Bestëmmung oder d'Garantien datt d'Batterie de Mindestbetrag un Elektrizitéit ënner bestëmmten Entladungsbedéngungen während dem Design an der Fabrikatioun vum Stuerm entlooss soll. Den IEC Standard stellt fest datt Nickel-Cadmium- an Nickel-Metallhydrid-Batterien bei 0.1C fir 16 Stonnen gelueden ginn a bei 0.2C bis 1.0V bei enger Temperatur vun 20°C±5°C entlaascht ginn. D'bewäertte Kapazitéit vun der Batterie gëtt als C5 ausgedréckt. Lithium-Ion-Batterien si virgesinn fir 3 Stonnen ënner Duerchschnëttstemperatur ze laden, konstante Stroum (1C) -konstant Spannung (4.2V) kontrolléiert erfuerderlech Konditiounen, an dann entlaascht bei 0.2C bis 2.75V wann de entlaaschte Stroum bewäert Kapazitéit ass. D'tatsächlech Kapazitéit vun der Batterie bezitt sech op déi reell Kraaft, déi vum Stuerm ënner bestëmmten Entladungsbedéngungen entlooss gëtt, déi haaptsächlech vun der Entladungsquote an der Temperatur beaflosst ass (sou streng geschwat, soll d'Batteriekapazitéit d'Lade- an d'Entladungsbedéngungen spezifizéieren). D'Eenheet vun der Batteriekapazitéit ass Ah, mAh (1Ah = 1000mAh).

Wann déi nofëllbar Batterie mat engem grousse Stroum (wéi 1C oder méi héich) entlaascht gëtt, wéinst dem "Flaschenhalseffekt", deen an der interner Diffusiounsquote vum aktuellen Iwwerstroum existéiert, huet d'Batterie d'Terminalspannung erreecht wann d'Kapazitéit net voll entlooss ass. , a benotzt dann e klenge Stroum wéi 0.2C kann weider ewechhuelen, bis 1.0V / Stéck (Néckel-Cadmium an Néckel-Waasserstoff Batterie) an 3.0V / Stéck (Lithium Batterie), déi fräigesat Kapazitéit gëtt Reschtkapazitéit genannt.

D'Entladungsplattform vun Ni-MH nofëllbaren Batterien bezitt sech normalerweis op d'Spannungsberäich, an där d'Aarbechtsspannung vun der Batterie relativ stabil ass wann se ënner engem spezifesche Entladungssystem entlaascht ginn. Säi Wäert ass mat der Entladungsstroum verbonnen. Wat de Stroum méi grouss ass, dest manner d'Gewiicht. D'Entladungsplattform vu Lithium-Ion-Batterien ass allgemeng opzehalen ze laden wann d'Spannung 4.2V ass, an de Moment manner wéi 0.01C bei enger konstanter Spannung ass, da loosst et fir 10 Minutten, an entlaascht op 3.6V zu all Entladungsrate aktuell. Et ass e noutwendege Standard fir d'Qualitéit vun de Batterien ze moossen.

Geméiss dem IEC Standard besteet d'Mark vun der Ni-MH Batterie aus 5 Deeler. 01) Battery type: HF and HR indicate nickel-metal hydride batteries 02) Battery size information: including the diameter and height of the round battery, the height, width, and thickness of the square battery, and the values ​​are separated by a slash, unit: mm 03) Discharge characteristic symbol: L means that the suitable discharge current rate is within 0.5C M indicates that the suitable discharge current rate is within 0.5-3.5C H indicates that the suitable discharge current rate is within 3.5-7.0C X indicates that the battery can work at a high rate discharge current of 7C-15C. 04) High-temperature battery symbol: represented by T 05) Battery connection piece: CF represents no connection piece, HH represents the connection piece for battery pull-type series connection, and HB represents the connection piece for side-by-side series connection of battery belts. Zum Beispill, HF18/07/49 stellt eng Quadrat Nickel-Metallhydrid Batterie mat enger Breet vun 18mm, 7mm, an enger Héicht vun 49mm duer. KRMT33 / 62HH representéiert Nickel-Cadmium Batterie; der Offlossquantitéit ass tëscht 0.5C-3.5, héich-Temperatur Serie eenzeg Batterie (ouni Verbindung Stéck), Duerchmiesser 33mm, Héicht 62mm. According to the IEC61960 standard, the identification of the secondary lithium battery is as follows: 01) The battery logo composition: 3 letters, followed by five numbers (cylindrical) or 6 (square) numbers. 02) Den éischte Buschtaf: weist dat schiedlecht Elektrodenmaterial vun der Batterie un. I-representéiert Lithium-Ion mat gebaut-an Batterie; L - representéiert Lithiummetallelektrode oder Lithiumlegierungselektrode. 03) Den zweete Bréif: weist d'Kathodematerial vun der Batterie un. C-Kobalt-baséiert Elektrode; N-Néckel-baséiert Elektrode; M - Mangan-baséiert Elektrode; V - Vanadium-baséiert Elektrode. 04) Den drëtte Buschtaf: weist d'Form vun der Batterie un. R-stellt zylindresch Batterie; L-stellt Feld Batterie. 05) Zuelen: Zylindresch Batterie: 5 Zuelen weisen respektiv den Duerchmiesser an Héicht vum Stuerm un. D'Eenheet vum Duerchmiesser ass e Millimeter, an d'Gréisst ass en Zéngtel vun engem Millimeter. Wann all Duerchmiesser oder Héicht méi wéi oder gläich wéi 100 mm ass, sollt et eng diagonal Linn tëscht den zwou Gréissten addéieren. Quadratbatterie: 6 Zuelen weisen d'Dicke, d'Breet an d'Héicht vum Stuerm a Millimeter un. Wann eng vun den dräi Dimensiounen méi grouss wéi oder gläich wéi 100mm ass, sollt et e Slash tëscht den Dimensiounen addéieren; wann eng vun den dräi Dimensiounen manner wéi 1 mm ass, gëtt de Bréif "t" virun dëser Dimensioun bäigefüügt, an d'Eenheet vun dëser Dimensioun ass en Zéngtel vun engem Millimeter. Zum Beispill, ICR18650 stellt eng zylindresch Secondaire Lithium-Ion Batterie; D'Kathodematerial ass Kobalt, säin Duerchmiesser ass ongeféier 18mm, a seng Héicht ass ongeféier 65mm. ICR20/1050. ICP083448 stellt eng véiereckege Secondaire Lithium-Ion Batterie; d'Kathodematerial ass Kobalt, seng Dicke ass ongeféier 8mm, d'Breet ass ongeféier 34mm, an d'Héicht ass ongeféier 48mm. ICP08/34/150 stellt eng véiereckege Secondaire Lithium-Ion Batterie; d'Kathodematerial ass Kobalt, seng Dicke ass ongeféier 8mm, d'Breet ass ongeféier 34mm, an d'Héicht ass ongeféier 150mm.

01) Non-dry meson (paper) such as fiber paper, double-sided tape 02) PVC film, trademark tube 03) Connecting sheet: stainless steel sheet, pure nickel sheet, nickel-plated steel sheet 04) Lead-out piece: stainless steel piece (easy to solder) Pure nickel sheet (spot-welded firmly) 05) Plugs 06) Protection components such as temperature control switches, overcurrent protectors, current limiting resistors 07) Carton, paper box 08) Plastic shell

01) Beautiful, brand 02) The battery voltage is limited. To obtain a higher voltage, it must connect multiple batteries in series. 03) Protect the battery, prevent short circuits, and prolong battery life 04) Size limitation 05) Easy to transport 06) Design of special functions, such as waterproof, unique appearance design, etc.

Et ëmfaasst haaptsächlech Spannung, intern Resistenz, Kapazitéit, Energie Dicht, intern Drock, Self-Offlossquantitéit Taux, Zyklus Liewen, Sigel Leeschtung, Sécherheet Leeschtung, Stockage Leeschtung, krut, etc.

01) Cycle life 02) Different rate discharge characteristics 03) Discharge characteristics at different temperatures 04) Charging characteristics 05) Self-discharge characteristics 06) Storage characteristics 07) Over-discharge characteristics 08) Internal resistance characteristics at different temperatures 09) Temperature cycle test 10) Drop test 11) Vibration test 12) Capacity test 13) Internal resistance test 14) GMS test 15) High and low-temperature impact test 16) Mechanical shock test 17) High temperature and high humidity test

01) Short circuit test 02) Overcharge and over-discharge test 03) Withstand voltage test 04) Impact test 05) Vibration test 06) Heating test 07) Fire test 09) Variable temperature cycle test 10) Trickle charge test 11) Free drop test 12) low air pressure test 13) Forced discharge test 15) Electric heating plate test 17) Thermal shock test 19) Acupuncture test 20) Squeeze test 21) Heavy object impact test

Charging method of Ni-MH battery: 01) Constant current charging: the charging current is a specific value in the whole charging process; this method is the most common; 02) Constant voltage charging: During the charging process, both ends of the charging power supply maintain a constant value, and the current in the circuit gradually decreases as the battery voltage increases; 03) Constant current and constant voltage charging: The battery is first charged with constant current (CC). When the battery voltage rises to a specific value, the voltage remains unchanged (CV), and the wind in the circuit drops to a small amount, eventually tending to zero. Lithium battery charging method: Constant current and constant voltage charging: The battery is first charged with constant current (CC). When the battery voltage rises to a specific value, the voltage remains unchanged (CV), and the wind in the circuit drops to a small amount, eventually tending to zero.

Den internationale IEC Standard stellt fest datt d'Standard Laden an Entladung vun Nickel-Metallhydrid-Batterien ass: éischt d'Batterie bei 0.2C bis 1.0V/Stéck entlaaschten, dann op 0.1C fir 16 Stonnen oplueden, 1 Stonn lass loossen a se setzen bei 0.2C bis 1.0V / Stéck, dat ass Fir de Batteriestandard ze laden an ze entlaaschten.

Puls Opluedstatioun benotzt allgemeng Opluedstatiounen an Entladung, Astellung fir 5 Sekonnen an dann Fräisetzung fir 1 Sekonnen. Et reduzéiert de gréissten Deel vum Sauerstoff, deen am Ladeprozess generéiert gëtt, op Elektrolyte ënner dem Entladungspuls. Net nëmmen limitéiert et de Betrag vun der interner Elektrolytverdampfung, awer déi al Batterien, déi staark polariséiert goufen, wäerte sech no 5-10 Mol vun Opluedstatioun an Entladung no XNUMX-XNUMX Mol vun der Opluedstatioun an der Entladung graduell erholen oder no bei der Opluedmethod.

Trickle Charging gëtt benotzt fir de Kapazitéitsverloscht ze kompenséieren deen duerch d'Selbstentladung vun der Batterie verursaacht gëtt nodeems se voll gelueden ass. Allgemeng gëtt d'Pulsstroum Laden benotzt fir den uewe genannten Zweck z'erreechen.

Opluedeffizienz bezitt sech op eng Moossnam vum Grad an deem d'elektresch Energie, déi vun der Batterie während dem Ladeprozess verbraucht gëtt, an déi chemesch Energie ëmgewandelt gëtt, déi d'Batterie späichere kann. Et gëtt haaptsächlech vun der Batterietechnologie an der Aarbechtsëmfeldtemperatur vum Stuerm beaflosst - allgemeng, wat méi héich d'Ëmfeldstemperatur ass, wat manner d'Ladeeffizienz ass.

Entladungseffizienz bezitt sech op déi aktuell Kraaft, déi un d'Terminalspannung entlaascht gëtt ënner bestëmmten Entladungsbedéngungen op d'bewäertte Kapazitéit. Et ass haaptsächlech vun der Offlossquantitéit Taux, Ëmfeld Temperatur, intern Resistenz, an aner Faktoren betraff. Generell, wat méi héich d'Entladungsquote ass, dest méi héich ass d'Entladungsquote. Wat manner d'Entladungseffizienz ass. Wat méi niddreg d'Temperatur ass, dest manner d'Entladungseffizienz.

The output power of a battery refers to the ability to output energy per unit time. It is calculated based on the discharge current I and the discharge voltage, P=U*I, the unit is watts. The lower the internal resistance of the battery, the higher the output power. The internal resistance of the battery should be less than the internal resistance of the electrical appliance. Otherwise, the battery itself consumes more power than the electrical appliance, which is uneconomical and may damage the battery.

Self-discharge is also called charge retention capability, which refers to the retention capability of the battery's stored power under certain environmental conditions in an open circuit state. Generally speaking, self-discharge is mainly affected by manufacturing processes, materials, and storage conditions. Self-discharge is one of the main parameters to measure battery performance. Generally speaking, the lower the storage temperature of the battery, the lower the self-discharge rate, but it should also note that the temperature is too low or too high, which may damage the battery and become unusable. After the battery is fully charged and left open for some time, a certain degree of self-discharge is average. The IEC standard stipulates that after fully charged, Ni-MH batteries should be left open for 28 days at a temperature of 20℃±5℃ and humidity of (65±20)%, and the 0.2C discharge capacity will reach 60% of the initial total.

The self-discharge test of lithium battery is: Generally, 24-hour self-discharge is used to test its charge retention capacity quickly. The battery is discharged at 0.2C to 3.0V, constant current. Constant voltage is charged to 4.2V, cut-off current: 10mA, after 15 minutes of storage, discharge at 1C to 3.0 V test its discharge capacity C1, then set the battery with constant current and constant voltage 1C to 4.2V, cut-off current: 10mA, and measure 1C capacity C2 after being left for 24 hours. C2/C1*100% should be more significant than 99%.

The internal resistance in the charged state refers to the internal resistance when the battery is 100% fully charged; the internal resistance in the discharged state refers to the internal resistance after the battery is fully discharged. Generally speaking, the internal resistance in the discharged state is not stable and is too large. The internal resistance in the charged state is more minor, and the resistance value is relatively stable. During the battery's use, only the charged state's internal resistance is of practical significance. In the later period of the battery's help, due to the exhaustion of the electrolyte and the reduction of the activity of internal chemical substances, the battery's internal resistance will increase to varying degrees.

Déi statesch intern Resistenz ass déi intern Resistenz vun der Batterie wärend der Entladung, an déi dynamesch intern Resistenz ass déi intern Resistenz vun der Batterie beim Laden.

The IEC stipulates that the standard overcharge test for nickel-metal hydride batteries is: Discharge the battery at 0.2C to 1.0V/piece, and charge it continuously at 0.1C for 48 hours. The battery should have no deformation or leakage. After overcharge, the discharge time from 0.2C to 1.0V should be more than 5 hours.

IEC stipulates that the standard cycle life test of nickel-metal hydride batteries is: After the battery is placed at 0.2C to 1.0V/pc 01) Charge at 0.1C for 16 hours, then discharge at 0.2C for 2 hours and 30 minutes (one cycle) 02) Charge at 0.25C for 3 hours and 10 minutes, and discharge at 0.25C for 2 hours and 20 minutes (2-48 cycles) 03) Charge at 0.25C for 3 hours and 10 minutes, and release to 1.0V at 0.25C (49th cycle) 04) Charge at 0.1C for 16 hours, put it aside for 1 hour, discharge at 0.2C to 1.0V (50th cycle). For nickel-metal hydride batteries, after repeating 400 cycles of 1-4, the 0.2C discharge time should be more significant than 3 hours; for nickel-cadmium batteries, repeating a total of 500 cycles of 1-4, the 0.2C discharge time should be more critical than 3 hours.

Refers to the internal air pressure of the battery, which is caused by the gas generated during the charging and discharging of the sealed battery and is mainly affected by battery materials, manufacturing processes, and battery structure. The main reason for this is that the gas generated by the decomposition of moisture and organic solution inside the battery accumulates. Generally, the internal pressure of the battery is maintained at an average level. In the case of overcharge or over-discharge, the internal pressure of the battery may increase: For example, overcharge, positive electrode: 4OH--4e → 2H2O + O2↑; ① The generated oxygen reacts with the hydrogen precipitated on the negative electrode to produce water 2H2 + O2 → 2H2O ② If the speed of reaction ② is lower than that of reaction ①, the oxygen generated will not be consumed in time, which will cause the internal pressure of the battery to rise.

IEC stipulates that the standard charge retention test for nickel-metal hydride batteries is: After putting the battery at 0.2C to 1.0V, charge it at 0.1C for 16 hours, store it at 20℃±5℃ and humidity of 65%±20%, keep it for 28 days, then discharge it to 1.0V at 0.2C, and Ni-MH batteries should be more than 3 hours. The national standard stipulates that the standard charge retention test for lithium batteries is: (IEC has no relevant standards) the battery is placed at 0.2C to 3.0/piece, and then charged to 4.2V at a constant current and voltage of 1C, with a cut-off wind of 10mA and a temperature of 20 After storing for 28 days at ℃±5℃, discharge it to 2.75V at 0.2C and calculate the discharge capacity. Compared with the battery's nominal capacity, it should be no less than 85% of the initial total.

Benotzt en Drot mat interner Resistenz ≤100mΩ fir eng voll gelueden Batterie positiv an negativ Pole an enger explosionsbeständeger Këscht ze verbannen fir déi positiv an negativ Pole ze kuerzen. D'Batterie soll net explodéieren oder Feier fänken.

The high temperature and humidity test of Ni-MH battery are: After the battery is fully charged, store it under constant temperature and humidity conditions for several days, and observe no leakage during storage. The high temperature and high humidity test of lithium battery is: (national standard) Charge the battery with 1C constant current and constant voltage to 4.2V, cut-off current of 10mA, and then put it in a continuous temperature and humidity box at (40±2)℃ and relative humidity of 90%-95% for 48h, then take out the battery in (20 Leave it at ±5)℃ for two h. Observe that the appearance of the battery should be standard. Then discharge to 2.75V at a constant current of 1C, and then perform 1C charging and 1C discharge cycles at (20±5)℃ until the discharge capacity Not less than 85% of the initial total, but the number of cycles is not more than three times.

Nodeems d'Batterie voll gelueden ass, setzt se an den Ofen an erhëtzt vun Raumtemperatur mat enger Rate vu 5 ° C / min. 5°C/min. Wann d'Temperatur am Ofen 130°C erreecht, hale se fir 30 Minutten. D'Batterie soll net explodéieren oder Feier fänken. Wann d'Temperatur am Ofen 130°C erreecht, hale se fir 30 Minutten. D'Batterie soll net explodéieren oder Feier fänken.

The temperature cycle experiment contains 27 cycles, and each process consists of the following steps: 01) The battery is changed from average temperature to 66±3℃, placed for 1 hour under the condition of 15±5%, 02) Switch to a temperature of 33±3°C and humidity of 90±5°C for 1 hour, 03) The condition is changed to -40±3℃ and placed for 1 hour 04) Put the battery at 25℃ for 0.5 hours These four steps complete a cycle. After 27 cycles of experiments, the battery should have no leakage, alkali climbing, rust, or other abnormal conditions.

Nodeems d'Batterie oder d'Batteriepack voll gelueden ass, gëtt se dräimol vun enger Héicht vun 1m op de Beton (oder Zement) Buedem gefall fir Schock an zoufälleg Richtungen ze kréien.

The vibration test method of Ni-MH battery is: After discharging the battery to 1.0V at 0.2C, charge it at 0.1C for 16 hours, and then vibrate under the following conditions after being left for 24 hours: Amplitude: 0.8mm Make the battery vibrate between 10HZ-55HZ, increasing or decreasing at a vibration rate of 1HZ every minute. The battery voltage change should be within ±0.02V, and the internal resistance change should be within ±5mΩ. (Vibration time is 90min) The lithium battery vibration test method is: After the battery is discharged to 3.0V at 0.2C, it is charged to 4.2V with constant current and constant voltage at 1C, and the cut-off current is 10mA. After being left for 24 hours, it will vibrate under the following conditions: The vibration experiment is carried out with the vibration frequency from 10 Hz to 60 Hz to 10 Hz in 5 minutes, and the amplitude is 0.06 inches. The battery vibrates in three-axis directions, and each axis shakes for half an hour. The battery voltage change should be within ±0.02V, and the internal resistance change should be within ±5mΩ.

Nodeems d'Batterie voll gelueden ass, setzt eng haart Staang horizontal a fällt e 20-Pound-Objet vun enger gewësser Héicht op der haarder Staang. D'Batterie soll net explodéieren oder Feier fänken.

Nodeems d'Batterie voll gelueden ass, passéiert en Nol vun engem spezifeschen Duerchmiesser duerch d'Stuermzentrum a léisst de Pin an der Batterie. D'Batterie soll net explodéieren oder Feier fänken.

Setzt déi voll gelueden Batterie op engem Heizungsapparat mat engem eenzegaartege Schutzdeckel fir Feier, a kee Schutt passéiert duerch de Schutzdeckel.

Et huet den ISO9001: 2000 Qualitéitssystem Zertifizéierung an ISO14001: 2004 Ëmweltschutz System Zertifizéierung passéiert; d'Produkt huet d'EU CE Zertifizéierung an Nordamerika UL Zertifizéierung kritt, den SGS Emweltschutztest passéiert an d'Patentlizenz vun Ovonic kritt; gläichzäiteg, PICC huet d'Firma Produiten an der Welt Ëmfang underwriting guttgeheescht.

D'Ready-to-use Batterie ass eng nei Zort Ni-MH Batterie mat enger héijer Ladungsretention, déi vun der Firma gestart gouf. Et ass eng Späicherbeständeg Batterie mat der duebeler Leeschtung vun enger primärer a sekundärer Batterie a kann déi primär Batterie ersetzen. Dat heescht, d'Batterie kann recycléiert ginn an huet eng méi héich Kraaft no der Späichere fir d'selwescht Zäit wéi normal sekundär Ni-MH Batterien.

Compared with similar products, this product has the following remarkable features: 01) Smaller self-discharge; 02) Longer storage time; 03) Over-discharge resistance; 04) Long cycle life; 05) Especially when the battery voltage is lower than 1.0V, it has a good capacity recovery function; More importantly, this type of battery has a charge retention rate of up to 75% when stored in an environment of 25°C for one year, so this battery is the ideal product to replace disposable batteries.

01) Please read the battery manual carefully before use; 02) The electrical and battery contacts should be clean, wiped clean with a damp cloth if necessary, and installed according to the polarity mark after drying; 03) Do not mix old and new batteries, and different types of batteries of the same model can not be combined so as not to reduce the efficiency of use; 04) The disposable battery cannot be regenerated by heating or charging; 05) Do not short-circuit the battery; 06) Do not disassemble and heat the battery or throw the battery into the water; 07) When electrical appliances are not in use for a long time, it should remove the battery, and it should turn the switch off after use; 08) Do not discard waste batteries randomly, and separate them from other garbage as much as possible to avoid polluting the environment; 09) When there is no adult supervision, do not allow children to replace the battery. Small batteries should be placed out of the reach of children; 10) it should store the battery in a cool, dry place without direct sunlight.

At present, nickel-cadmium, nickel-metal hydride, and lithium-ion rechargeable batteries are widely used in various portable electrical equipment (such as notebook computers, cameras, and mobile phones). Each rechargeable battery has its unique chemical properties. The main difference between nickel-cadmium and nickel-metal hydride batteries is that the energy density of nickel-metal hydride batteries is relatively high. Compared with batteries of the same type, the capacity of Ni-MH batteries is twice that of Ni-Cd batteries. This means that the use of nickel-metal hydride batteries can significantly extend the working time of the equipment when no additional weight is added to the electrical equipment. Another advantage of nickel-metal hydride batteries is that they significantly reduce the "memory effect" problem in cadmium batteries to use nickel-metal hydride batteries more conveniently. Ni-MH batteries are more environmentally friendly than Ni-Cd batteries because there are no toxic heavy metal elements inside. Li-ion has also quickly become a common power source for portable devices. Li-ion can provide the same energy as Ni-MH batteries but can reduce weight by about 35%, suitable for electrical equipment such as cameras and laptops. It is crucial. Li-ion has no "memory effect," The advantages of no toxic substances are also essential factors that make it a common power source. It will significantly reduce the discharge efficiency of Ni-MH batteries at low temperatures. Generally, the charging efficiency will increase with the increase of temperature. However, when the temperature rises above 45°C, the performance of rechargeable battery materials at high temperatures will degrade, and it will significantly shorten the battery's cycle life.

Rate Entladung bezitt sech op d'Geschwindegkeetsbezéiung tëscht dem Entladungsstroum (A) an der bewäertter Kapazitéit (A•h) wärend der Verbrennung. Stonneplang Entladung bezitt sech op d'Stonnen déi néideg sinn fir d'bewäertte Kapazitéit bei engem spezifeschen Ausgangsstroum ze entlaaschten.

Since the battery in a digital camera has a low temperature, the active material activity is significantly reduced, which may not provide the camera's standard operating current, so outdoor shooting in areas with low temperature, especially. Pay attention to the warmth of the camera or battery.

Charge -10—45℃ Entladung -30—55℃

Wann Dir nei an al Akkuen mat ënnerschiddleche Kapazitéiten mëscht oder se zesumme benotzt, kann et Leckage sinn, Nullspannung, etc.. Dëst ass wéinst dem Ënnerscheed an der Kraaft während dem Opluedprozess, wat verursaacht datt e puer Akkuen beim Laden iwwerlaascht ginn. E puer Batterien sinn net voll gelueden an hunn Kapazitéit wärend der Entladung. Déi héich Batterie ass net voll entlooss, an d'Batterie mat niddereg Kapazitéit ass iwwerflësseg. An esou engem béise Krees ass d'Batterie beschiedegt, a leeft oder huet eng niddereg (Null) Spannung.

D'Verbindung vun den äusseren zwee Enden vun der Batterie un all Dirigent verursaacht eng extern Kuerzschluss. De kuerze Kurs kann schwéier Konsequenze fir verschidden Batterie Typen bréngen, wéi Elektrolyttemperatur eropgeet, intern Loftdrock eropgeet, etc.. Wann de Loftdrock d'Widderstandspannung vun der Batteriekappe iwwerschreift, wäert d'Batterie lecken. Dës Situatioun beschiedegt d'Batterie staark. Wann de Sécherheetsventil klappt, kann et souguer eng Explosioun verursaachen. Dofir, kuerzschlësselt d'Batterie net extern.

01) Charging: When choosing a charger, it is best to use a charger with correct charging termination devices (such as anti-overcharge time devices, negative voltage difference (-V) cut-off charging, and anti-overheating induction devices) to avoid shortening the battery life due to overcharging. Generally speaking, slow charging can prolong the service life of the battery better than fast charging. 02) Discharge: a. The depth of discharge is the main factor affecting battery life. The higher the depth of release, the shorter the battery life. In other words, as long as the depth of discharge is reduced, it can significantly extend the battery's service life. Therefore, we should avoid over-discharging the battery to a very low voltage. b. When the battery is discharged at a high temperature, it will shorten its service life. c. If the designed electronic equipment cannot completely stop all current, if the equipment is left unused for a long time without taking out the battery, the residual current will sometimes cause the battery to be excessively consumed, causing the storm to over-discharge. d. When using batteries with different capacities, chemical structures, or different charge levels, as well as batteries of various old and new types, the batteries will discharge too much and even cause reverse polarity charging. 03) Storage: If the battery is stored at a high temperature for a long time, it will attenuate its electrode activity and shorten its service life.

Wann et den elektreschen Apparat fir eng laang Zäit net benotzt, ass et am beschten d'Batterie ze entfernen an et an enger niddereger Temperatur, dréchen Plaz ze setzen. Wann net, och wann den elektreschen Apparat ausgeschalt ass, wäert de System nach ëmmer d'Batterie e nidderegen Stroumausgang maachen, wat d'Liewensdauer vum Stuerm verkierzt.

According to the IEC standard, it should store the battery at a temperature of 20℃±5℃ and humidity of (65±20)%. Generally speaking, the higher the storage temperature of the storm, the lower the remaining rate of capacity, and vice versa, the best place to store the battery when the refrigerator temperature is 0℃-10℃, especially for primary batteries. Even if the secondary battery loses its capacity after storage, it can be recovered as long as it is recharged and discharged several times. In theory, there is always energy loss when the battery is stored. The inherent electrochemical structure of the battery determines that the battery capacity is inevitably lost, mainly due to self-discharge. Usually, the self-discharge size is related to the solubility of the positive electrode material in the electrolyte and its instability (accessible to self-decompose) after being heated. The self-discharge of rechargeable batteries is much higher than that of primary batteries. If you want to store the battery for a long time, it is best to put it in a dry and low-temperature environment and keep the remaining battery power at about 40%. Of course, it is best to take out the battery once a month to ensure the excellent storage condition of the storm, but not to completely drain the battery and damage the battery.

A battery that is internationally prescribed as a standard for measuring potential (potential). It was invented by American electrical engineer E. Weston in 1892, so it is also called Weston battery. The positive electrode of the standard battery is the mercury sulfate electrode, the negative electrode is cadmium amalgam metal (containing 10% or 12.5% ​​cadmium), and the electrolyte is acidic, saturated cadmium sulfate aqueous solution, which is saturated cadmium sulfate and mercurous sulfate aqueous solution.

01) External short circuit or overcharge or reverse charge of the battery (forced over-discharge); 02) The battery is continuously overcharged by high-rate and high-current, which causes the battery core to expand, and the positive and negative electrodes are directly contacted and short-circuited; 03) The battery is short-circuited or slightly short-circuited. For example, improper placement of the positive and negative poles causes the pole piece to contact the short circuit, positive electrode contact, etc.

01) Whether a single battery has zero voltage; 02) The plug is short-circuited or disconnected, and the connection to the plug is not good; 03) Desoldering and virtual welding of lead wire and battery; 04) The internal connection of the battery is incorrect, and the connection sheet and the battery are leaked, soldered, and unsoldered, etc.; 05) The electronic components inside the battery are incorrectly connected and damaged.

To prevent the battery from being overcharged, it is necessary to control the charging endpoint. When the battery is complete, there will be some unique information that it can use to judge whether the charging has reached the endpoint. Generally, there are the following six methods to prevent the battery from being overcharged: 01) Peak voltage control: Determine the end of charging by detecting the peak voltage of the battery; 02) dT/DT control: Determine the end of charging by detecting the peak temperature change rate of the battery; 03) △T control: When the battery is fully charged, the difference between the temperature and the ambient temperature will reach the maximum; 04) -△V control: When the battery is fully charged and reaches a peak voltage, the voltage will drop by a particular value; 05) Timing control: control the endpoint of charging by setting a specific charging time, generally set the time required to charge 130% of the nominal capacity to handle;

01) Zero-voltage battery or zero-voltage battery in the battery pack; 02) The battery pack is disconnected, the internal electronic components and the protection circuit is abnormal; 03) The charging equipment is faulty, and there is no output current; 04) External factors cause the charging efficiency to be too low (such as extremely low or extremely high temperature).